The Influence of the household and Farm Attributes on Adoption of Smallholder Timber Production Systems in the Gunungkidul Region, Indonesia

Agroforestry systems have been recognized as valuable for integrating local economic needs and environmental conservation; however, study on the socio-economic household and biophysical farm factors affecting management adoption of agroforestry by smallholders have not been closely examined in Indonesia, particularly in Gunungkidul
region. This paper investigates the key determinants and the magnitude of the socio-economic household and biophysical farm factors influence for farmers on land and timber tree management; and provide opportunities for farmers to identify management options for their timber-based production systems which enhance household livelihoods. The household condition and composite models only selected the gross income of the on-farm and off-income variables as the determining factor affecting the likelihood of managing land and timber trees; while the farm characteristic model confirms total area managed as the significant variable. Treatments combining wide initial tree spacing at 4.0 x 4.0 m, light pruning of 40% and heavy thinning 75% produced the largest diameter and highest timber volume per stem for teak, and also highest net profits and returns to labour under conditions of increased interest rates and reduced log prices.