Who is planting or removing trees? Shifting cultivation in a shifting context. Upper Mekong

Shifting or swidden cultivation, i.e. temporary cropping on
clearings in the forest used to the be the most important land
use in the Upper Mekong region. Shifting cultivators remove
trees for cropping, but let them grow back again during the
fallow period. Due to emerging economic opportunities and
policy pressures, it is increasingly replaced by other land
uses., e.g. permanent cropping and tree plantations such as
natural rubber.