Landscape Management Strategies for Rural Livelihoods and Ecosystem Service Protection in Sulawesi, Indonesia

• Reconciliation between community livelihoods and sustainable natural resource utilization is urgent; neither should be neglected.
• Examples of conflicting management between conservation objectives and local livelihoods: communities living in forest margins and engaged in forest extraction and conversion, communities cultivating sloping lands in upstream catchment using unsustainable practices.
• Conservation of the ecosystems is crucial because human society benefits from the services provided; thus ‘ecosystem services’ as entry point and link for interventions
• Ecosystem services are managed in a landscape context where socio-economic-cultural conditions of the actors are involved.
• Where the services are maintained or enhanced by communities, incentive/reward mechanism to support livelihoods should be in place
• In other instances, complex interactions might be present, e.g: severely degraded upland areas linked to poverty, forest encroachment and biodiversity loss linked to land conflicts; locally-relevant solutions should be sought after.