Empowering local stakeholders for planning, Indonesia

Beginning in the mid-2000s the ecosystem service (ES) framework developed by the
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment — and a performance-based incentive mechanism for
climate-change mitigation through REDD+ — gained immediate and widespread
acceptance. Payment for Environmental Services (PES) or, more generally, Rewards for
Ecosystem Services (RES) is becoming increasingly popular in Asia (van Noordwijk and
Leimona 2010). They complement rule-based initiatives (for example, land tenure systems
and land-use planning) and economic instruments (for example, taxes and subsidies) in
achieving conservation and development objectives.