PES and multi-strata coffee gardens in Sumberjaya, Indonesia

Sumberjaya is a sub-district (542 km2), in the district of West Lampung, which has historically been the dramatic scene of massive deforestation escalating in social conflicts and poor households. Since the 1970s, Sumberjaya recorded a rapid expansion in smallholder coffee cultivation. Although the government was aware of the consequent high uncontrolled deforestation rate, it was only in 1990, when a hydropower plant was planned in the upper watershed of the Way Besai River, that it took action, concerned about slope erosion and potentially high sediment discharge to the hydropower plant (USAID, 2007). Thus, 40 percent of the land in Sumberjaya was declared as areas of restricted use and forest protection and, between 1991 and 1996, thousands of farmers were evicted from their lands. In 1998, a reconciliatory negotiation promoted by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), the local NGO Watala, the Ford Foundation and the UK Government's Department for International Development (DFID) was initiated to resolve the huge social conflict and promote sound land-use management.