Using Habitat Characteristics to Predict Faunal Diversity in Tropical Production Forests

Biodiversity conservation in managed tropical forests is becoming increasingly important as forest area continues to decline. Accordingly,
there is growing interest in developing conservation-driven silvicultural prescriptions and identifying indicator habitat metrics (similar to
indicator taxa) that could be easily assessed via routine vegetation sampling. Successfully achieving these goals, however, requires an
understanding of how habitat characteristics affect biodiversity. The purpose of this study was to determine the associations between the
species diversity of three taxa (ants, insectivorous bats, and dung beetles) and the habitat characteristics of hill dipterocarp production
forests. We sampled both within (three samples) and adjacent to (six samples) six Virgin Jungle Reserves distributed throughout Peninsular
Malaysia, and related habitat predictors to univariate diversity metrics (species richness and Shannon diversity) as well as multivariate
compositional metrics. We found that influential predictors and directional effects differed across taxa. Ant diversity was most affected
by stand density and canopy cover, and positively associated with both. Bat diversity was most strongly linked to primary forest area,
with smaller reserves harboring greater bat diversity. Dung beetles were most affected by canopy cover and elevation, with greater diversity
at lower elevation and with less canopy cover. Our multivariate analyses did not reveal any strong relationships between species
composition and habitat variables. Overall, our results provide evidence that tropical forest structure is associated with biodiversity, but
also suggest that it will be difficult to identify a single silvicultural prescription or landscape management strategy to maximize the diversity
of all three taxa simultaneously.